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Eric Alan Hanushek (born May 22, 1943) is an economist who has written prolifically on public policy with a special emphasis on the economics of education. Since 2000 he has been a Paul and Jean Hanna Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution,〔The Hoover Institution has been labeled a "conservative institution." See, for example, 〕 an American public policy think tank located at Stanford University in California. Hanushek received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Air Force Academy in 1965 and a PhD in economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968. He served in the U.S. Air Force from 1961 to 1974. Hanushek held teaching positions at the U.S. Air Force Academy (1968–73) and at Yale University (1975–78) and was named professor of economics and public policy at the University of Rochester from 1978–2000. Hanushek advocates using economic analysis to in order to improve student performance. He has authored numerous, highly cited〔( Google scholar for Eric Hanushek )〕 articles on the effects of class size reduction, high-stakes accountability, teacher effectiveness, and other education related topics. In a 1971 paper he introduced the concept of evaluating teacher effectiveness on the basis of student learning gains.〔Eric A. Hanushek, "Teacher characteristics and gains in student achievement: Estimation using micro data." ''American Economic Review'' 60, no. 2 (May 1971): 280–88. See the history in Elizabeth Green, ''Building a better teacher: How teaching works (and how to teach it to everyone)'' (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2014).〕 This idea is the basis of value-added assessments of teacher quality. In his most recent book, ''The Knowledge Capital of Nations'', Hanushek concludes that the quality of education is causally related to economic growth. 〔 〕 He states that his findings show no systematic relationship between the amount of money spent in an American school and the amount of student learning in a given district, and therefore he generally opposes increases in school funding to achieve overall reductions in class size, for example.〔Eric Hanushek, "Throwing money at schools," ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'' 1, no. 1 (Fall 1981); see also (Dana Goldstein, "What Teachers Want", ''The Nation'', May 14, 2012. )〕 For this reason he is associated, especially by his detractors, with the slogan "money doesn't matter". Hanushek explains his position this way: The discussion whether school resources are systematically related to school quality and to school achievement has tended toward a battle of slogans “Money matters” or “Money doesn’t matter.” ... It is tautological to say that we will get good performance if we spend the money wisely. Today the existing knowledge base does not ensure that any added funds will, on average, be spent wisely. That is true even if some schools may spend their funds wisely.〔Eric Hanushek, “School Resources and School Funding” in Gary T. Burtless, editor, "Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement" (Brookings Institution Press, 1996),pp. 68−69〕〔See also Eric Hanushek and Alfred Lindseth, ''Schoolhouses, Courthouses, and Statehouses'' (Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 57〕As an alternative to increasing funding for public schools as a way to boost student performance, Hanushek recommends holding schools accountable and assessing teacher effectiveness. Hanushek is a frequent contributor to the opinion pages of the Wall Street Journal and also appears frequently in court cases as a paid expert witness testifying for the state in lawsuits brought by plaintiffs attempting to equalize disparities in funding of school districts.〔Reporter Kevin Carey, interviewing Hanushek in 2006 stated: "You mentioned school funding lawsuits. You've served as an expert witness in a number of those lawsuits, always working for states defending themselves against charges that their school funding systems unfairly short-change some school districts." To which Hanushek replied: "I have. I've been involved in those cases over a long period of time. I have always testified on the defense side (against funding equity )." See ( Kevin Carey, "Money Matters: An interview with Eric Hanushek" ), ''EducationSector at the American Institutes For Research'', April 26, 2006. See also: (Adrienne Lu, "States sued over education funding", ''USA Today'', February 18, 2014. ), and Joanne Wasserman, "Judge Wasn't Impressed by Expensive Experts, ''New York Daily News'', March 9, 2001, which mentions that the State of New York State spent $1.4 million of taxpayer money on expert testimony in one such case, of which Hanushek received "$50,000 for his testimony and analysis".〕 ==Activities, appointments, and awards== Hanushek is a member of the Hoover Institution's Koret Task Force on K-12 Education, whose members, including Caroline M. Hoxby and Paul E. Peterson, support school accountability, teacher incentives, and charter schools and vouchers. Hanushek was a presidential appointee to the Board of Directors of the National Board for Education Sciences that approves the research priorities of the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences and was the Board chair from 2008–10. From 2011–13, he served on the Equity and Excellence Commission of the U.S. Department of Education. He is a research professor at the Ifo Institute for Economic Research (University of Munich) and is the area coordinator for Economics of Education, CESifo Research Network. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a research fellow of the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). In the U.S. federal government, Hanushek has served as deputy director of the Congressional Budget Office, senior staff economist at the Council of Economic Advisers, and senior economist for the Cost of Living Council. At the state level, he has been appointed to state education advisory commissions by the governor of California and of Texas. Hanushek was the recipient of an award for scholarship from the Thomas B. Fordham Institute (a think tank) in 2004. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eric Hanushek」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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